High levels of testosterone can give individuals the push they need to work for themselves according to Nicos Nicolaou, professor and head of the entrepreneurship and innovation group at Warwick Business School.
‘Using the most widely accepted methods available for measuring testosterone levels and analysing three diverse samples, our findings indicate testosterone levels may constitute an important influence on the likelihood individuals will engage in self-employment,’ says Professor Nicolaou.
‘The study also utilises for the first time a new research design involving opposite-sex and same-sex twins to contribute to the ongoing debate regarding the significance and validity of the relationship between testosterone and self-employment.
‘There has been a lot of discussion as to whether business behaviours are learned or can be down to biology and our research shows it is indeed possible that at least a portion of certain business behaviours can at least in part be attributed to biological influences.
‘Our results represent an important first step into uncovering how key biological influences are related to self-employment and entrepreneurial activities.’
In the paper Testosterone and Tendency to Engage in Self-Employment due to be published in Management Science, Professor Nicolaou conducted three separate studies to explore the connection between testosterone and self-employment in greater depth.
In the first, information was utilised from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) of 2011-2012. This included 2,146 observations which found testosterone with self-employment is marginally supported among males but not among females.
In study two, Professor Nicolaou assessed whether the 2D:4D digit ratio – the ratio of the length of the index finger to the length of the ring finger, a marker of prenatal testosterone exposure – influences the likelihood of self-employment. He looked at 449 males and 525 females.
The results indicates males with a lower 2D:4D ratio in their left hand, or higher prenatal testosterone exposure, have a significantly greater likelihood of self-employment. This was also found to be marginally significant for females.
The third and final study examines the twin testosterone transfer effect in a sample of opposite-sex and same-sex twins from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the US.
Previous studies have suggested that female foetuses gestated with a male twin are more likely than female foetuses gestated with a female twin to be ‘masculinised’ in their development and to have greater testosterone levels. This is because it may pass from one twin to the other through maternal circulation and by diffusion through foetal membranes.
Professor Nicolaou finds that these females were marginally more likely to be self-employed than females gestated with a female co-twin.
‘The findings are relevant to both entrepreneurship and management audiences,’ says Nicolaou.
‘Higher levels of testosterone can not only enhance an individual’s willingness to take risks but also diminish the likelihood that they feel fear with regards to risky situations, when coupled together it is possible that individuals with higher levels of testosterone could be prone to engage in entrepreneurial activities and self-employment.’
Further reading on testosterone
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